Authors
Dr. Cyriac Thomas, Consultant Physician, Department of Medicine, Marian Medical Centre, Pala
Abstract
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing global prevalence, posing significant health challenges. Current therapies control but don’t cure, and often have limitations. This necessitates continuous advancements in treatment.
Purpose: This review highlights recent advancements in T2DM management, focusing on novel drug formulations now available in India, and evaluates their benefits, clinical implications, and associated challenges.
Key Advancements: New GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists (e.g., Tirzepatide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Dulaglutide) offer superior glycemic control, substantial weight loss, and cardiovascular benefits, often with once-weekly or oral dosing. Inhaled insulin (Affreza) provides rapid-acting, non-invasive postprandial glucose control, improving adherence, but has respiratory considerations. Once-weekly insulin Icodec offers comparable glycemic efficacy to daily basal insulin, drastically reducing injection frequency.
Clinical Implications and Challenges: These agents provide multifactorial benefits, especially in weight management and cardiovascular protection. However, high cost and potential side effects (e.g., GI, respiratory for Affreza) present barriers to access and require careful patient counseling.
Conclusion: Newer GLP-1 agonists, inhaled insulin, and once-weekly basal insulin mark significant progress in T2DM treatment, offering improved outcomes and patient convenience. Ongoing education and addressing affordability are critical for widespread adoption and optimal patient benefit.